Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is a powerful, empirically supported psychotherapy developed to treat post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and a range of related conditions. At its core, EMDR helps people access and reprocess distressing experiences that continue to shape their current emotions, beliefs, and behaviors. By engaging the brain’s natural healing mechanisms, EMDR allows individuals to move toward genuine resolution and relief.
What is EMDR and How Does it Work?
If you’re new to EMDR or would like a refresher, I recommend starting with Kathryn Priest-Peries’s excellent overview, What on Earth Is EMDR?, which explains the process in detail from a client-centered perspective. You can also take a look at this video from the EMDR International Association which walks through each step of EMDR treatment.
In its standard form, EMDR follows a well-defined, eight-phase protocol. This structured approach produces reliable results for many people who have experienced trauma or ongoing distress. However, when someone presents with Complex PTSD (C-PTSD), Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD), or significant dissociation, EMDR therapists with advanced training make important modifications. These adjustments are designed to ensure safety, stabilize the nervous system, and support the client’s readiness to process painful memories effectively.
At its foundation, EMDR rests on the understanding that the human brain is inherently equipped to heal from painful experiences, much like the body naturally heals from physical wounds. When a traumatic event overwhelms our capacity to cope, the brain’s natural healing process can become “stuck,” leaving distressing memories unprocessed. EMDR uses a combination of focused attention, guided dialogue, and bilateral stimulation (such as eye movements, tapping, or sounds) to help the brain resume that innate healing process.
This process is guided by the Adaptive Information Processing (AIP) model. In simple terms, the AIP model suggests that healing occurs when the brain can connect painful or overwhelming memories with other, healthier information already stored in its memory networks. When these connections form, the emotional intensity and distorted beliefs attached to the traumatic memory begin to resolve, allowing the person to experience the past as truly in the past.
A Simple Example
Imagine someone who experiences a hit-and-run accident. Afterwards, they develop flashbacks and a constant sense of danger while driving. Suppose this person grew up in a safe, supportive environment where emotions were expressed and validated. They come to EMDR therapy to address their anxiety and flashbacks.
During treatment, the EMDR process helps their brain link the traumatic event with earlier experiences of safety, trust, and competence. As the nervous system reorients toward those adaptive experiences, the distress naturally diminishes and the person creates new meaning around the experience. The person begins to feel calm, grounded, and confident behind the wheel again—often after only a few sessions.
This is how standard EMDR is designed to work—and for many people, it works beautifully.
But what happens when someone did not grow up in a safe or nurturing environment, or when their life has involved years of chronic trauma or neglect? That’s where EMDR for Complex PTSD, dissociative disorders, and survivors of early trauma becomes more nuanced.
EMDR for Complex PTSD, Dissociative Disorders, and Survivors of Early Neglect or Trauma
When someone has endured years of chronic trauma, neglect, or instability (especially during childhood), EMDR often needs to look different from the standard approach described above. There are two main reasons for this:
- Limited access to adaptive information
As mentioned earlier, standard EMDR relies on the brain’s ability to connect a painful memory with more adaptive, healthy experiences. For example, the nervous system might recall the sense of safety or comfort that existed before the traumatic event, allowing the brain to “update” the old memory with new meaning: I survived; I’m safe now.
However, for many people who grew up in unsafe or unpredictable environments, there were few experiences of consistent emotional or physical safety. Instead of learning people are generally good and I am worthy of care, the brain internalizes the opposite messages: people are dangerous, and I am bad or unworthy. Without those adaptive reference points, the standard EMDR process has little healthy material to connect to.
- Overwhelm and dissociation
Even if someone has experienced moments of safety, years of chronic stress or trauma can make it extremely difficult to access that information. When the nervous system has been in survival mode for long periods, the brain may rely on an extreme form of coping called structural dissociation – essentially, deep compartmentalization of experience.
In this state, the brain “walls off” traumatic memories or emotions in order to function day to day. This strategy allows for survival but often leads to distressing symptoms later on: flashbacks, emotional numbness, gaps in memory, or sudden shifts in mood or behaviour. Because the traumatic memories remain unprocessed, they continue to intrude – sometimes as nightmares, body sensations, or painful beliefs about the self.
In some cases, the mind may even organize into distinct “parts” or self-states, each holding different emotions, memories, or survival strategies. Someone might notice that one part of them feels calm and capable, while another part feels terrified, angry, or shut down. These experiences are not “imagined”—they reflect the brain’s adaptive effort to manage what once felt unbearable.
For this reason, basic EMDR, which begins directly with traumatic memories, can feel overwhelming or even destabilizing.
How EMDR Is Adapted for Complex Trauma
Unlike standard EMDR, we don’t start with the memories. It is often too overwhelming for a person who has sustained prolonged trauma to start by going straight for memories. Instead we work through the trauma in a series of layers
Layer 1: Installing adaptive information
Before processing trauma, we first establish internal and relational safety. Using bilateral stimulation and the supportive relationship with the therapist, we begin to “install” experiences of calm, safety, and self-compassion—sometimes in very small, manageable doses. This stage also includes learning about how trauma affects the brain and body, which helps clients make sense of their reactions and realize that what they’re experiencing is a normal response to overwhelming events.
Many people begin to notice subtle but meaningful shifts here, such as the emerging belief: I’m not bad, and not all people are unsafe. I went through terrible experiences that shaped those beliefs, but they are not the whole truth of who I am.
Layer 2: Addressing fears about healing
For those who have lived with trauma for a long time, even the idea of healing can feel scary. There may be fears about feeling emotions, remembering painful events, or losing control. Using EMDR techniques, we work through these fears in the present moment, gently calming the nervous system so it can tolerate greater safety and emotional processing.
Layer 3: Working with parts of self
Because complex trauma often leads to internal fragmentation, EMDR therapists may integrate elements of parts work, such as concepts from Internal Family Systems (IFS). This helps clients recognize and build communication between their different self-states. As compassion and understanding grow within the internal system, the mind begins to feel less divided and more cohesive.
Layer 4: Processing traumatic memories
Only when there is sufficient stability and internal cooperation do we begin to process traumatic memories directly—and even then, this looks gentler than standard EMDR. The therapist offers ongoing guidance, helping ensure that the client remains grounded and resourced throughout. Over time, the once-fragmented memories integrate into a coherent story that no longer overwhelms the nervous system and is experienced as truly in the past. People notice many of their symptoms resolve and they begin to feel more whole.
A Final Note
This process can sound complex—and it is—but for those who have lived through years of trauma, it’s a thoughtful, compassionate, and profoundly hopeful path toward healing. EMDR therapists with advanced training in complex trauma and dissociation understand this work deeply and serve as steady guides throughout the process.
I’ve had the privilege of witnessing many clients heal from experiences that once felt impossible to face. If you have questions about whether EMDR might be appropriate for you or someone you care about, please reach out. We’re always happy to explain how this approach can be safely and effectively tailored to your unique needs. We’re here for you.
If you’re an EMDR clinician looking to hone your skills in working with clients who present with C-PTSD, we also offer EMDR consultation. Please reach out to us for more details.